12/8/2023 0 Comments 2d 4d ratio in men![]() On the other hand, a higher, more feminine, 2D:4D ratio has been associated with schizotypal personality traits ( 21) and neuroticism in women ( 22, 23). A study by Montag and colleagues ( 20) highlighted that female persons who stutter suffer more from stuttering when they had more male hands. Exposure to higher levels of prenatal testosterone is associated with the development of stereotypically male personality traits ( 16) coinciding with findings showing an association of lower 2D:4D ratios and aggressive tendencies ( 17) as well as addictive tendencies towards gaming disorder ( 18, 19). Sex differences in 2D:4D ratios have been found to be more pronounced in the right hand ( 14, 15). Lower 2D:4D ratios have previously been shown to be associated with male sex ( 14). Three studies found an association ( 8– 10), while three studies did not find a significant association ( 11– 13). To date, there are six studies investigating the associations between prenatal/perinatal androgen/estrogen concentrations and 2D:4D ratios in humans. In contrast, inactivation of estrogen receptor α increased growth of digit 4, which led to a lower 2D:4D ratio ( 7). Inactivation of the androgen receptor decreased growth of digit 4 resulting in a higher 2D:4D ratio. Digit 4 was affected more strongly than digit 2 by both androgen receptor and estrogen receptor α activity. The ratio of the index finger (2D) relative to the ring finger (4D) has been found to be associated with androgen-to-estrogen signaling during digit development in an animal model. It has been suggested that the observed sex-related differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorder might be associated with the exposure of the embryo to testosterone, the male sex hormone, during development ( 6). Women have a two-fold higher risk to develop episodes of depression than do men and in addition experience more severe episodes than men ( 5). This mirrors also in lower SEEKING and higher FEAR/SADNESS, hence primary emotional systems according to affective neuroscience theory ( 3). Depressive disorders are characterized by prolonged or permanent feelings of sadness, lack of interest, hopelessness, and exhaustion ( 2). Major depression is a burden for affected individuals, their families, and the society due to costs for treatment, hospitalization, and loss of productivity ( 1). ![]() We conclude that major depression is associated with an absence of sex differences in the 2D:4D ratio. The 2D:4D digit ratios did not correlate with depression severity even when examined for group and sex separately. While we observed significant sex differences in the 2D:4D ratio of the right hand in the healthy control group (women on average showed a significantly higher 2D:4D ratio), no such differences were found in the group of depressed patients. We examined 139 inpatients diagnosed with major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria and 137 healthy controls regarding 2D:4D ratios of both hands and BDI-II scores. Therefore, the present study investigated whether 2D:4D ratios differ between inpatients with major depression and matched healthy controls and whether 2D:4D ratios correlate with depression severity. In addition, higher 2D:4D ratios have been associated with female gender, neuroticism, and depression severity. Higher levels of prenatal testosterone have been related to lower 2D:4D ratios. The 2D:4D digit ratio reflects prenatal testosterone relative to estradiol exposure of a developing embryo. 2Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.1Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.Simon Sanwald 1† Katharina Widenhorn-Müller 1†* Jennifer Wernicke 2 Cornelia Sindermann 2 Markus Kiefer 1‡ Christian Montag 2‡
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